spanish military base in north carolinaspanish military base in north carolina

Provide professionally trained and ready Drill Sergeant units, Instructors, Leader Trainers, and Command expertise to conduct Initial Entry Training, Cadet Training, and Theater Security Cooperation Training. But AT&T, which still owns the property, has dismissed all conspiracy theories while refusing to provide further comment. Nikola Budanovic is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Fort Bragg spans across 160,700 acres or 251 square miles. USCG Sector has Cutter Diligence, which is a 210-foot medium endurance cutter with a crew of approximately 76 Coast Guard members. The Best Tactical Belts for Any Tactical Situation. The bottom floor is positioned on a shock-absorbing foundation of gravel and coils. One such monumental and mysterious underground structure is located amidst the dense woods of North Carolina, in Chatham County. [13] There was an airfield on the camp used by aircraft and balloons for artillery spotters. It was originally 11,000 acres, but now, it spans 156,000 acres! The Navy is the only branch without any bases in NC. Among those first were the NCANGs First Female Wing Commander, First Female Wing Command Chief and First Female Chief of the Maintenance Group. How to Make Sap Gloves Out of an Ordinary Pair? North Carolina National Guard trace its heritage back to the 1663 Carolina Charter granting authority to levy, muster, and train men. The funding benefits three military bases in North Carolina: Camp Lejeune, Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point and Fort Bragg. Can you guess its meaning? This database is a roster of North Carolina volunteers who fought in this war. It can transfer equipment supplies between trucks, rails, and ships. Major units of Fort Bragg include the 82nd Airborne, XVIII Airborne Corps, FORSCOM, USARC, 18th Aviation Brigade, 4th Medical Command and the US Army Special Operations Command. Within the base younger students have six elementary schools, one middle school and one junior high. Basic research proposals from educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and private industry are competitively selected and funded. Manchester, North Carolina Military Bases, Pope AFB is an Air Force operated military base located in the Cumberland County, less than 20 km away from Fayetteville. The Army and the conservationists eventually came to an agreement, which put in place training restrictions around the woodpeckers' habitat. Fish and Wildlife Service. WebFort Bragg American Red Cross. The retention rate for the 145th Airlift Wing is 87% and the End Strength is 98.6%. Fort Bragg currently spans 251 square miles, including training areas, live fire ranges, airfields and housing areas. The fact is that top-notch features are quite expensive, but some of , If you are a man of the outdoors, you know perfectly well how a good-quality headlamp is essential. In May 2022, the commission officially recommended that Fort Bragg be renamed Fort Liberty. Both are still active today. There are bases of all branches in the U.S Armed Forces. In the past, the base was used for training the 116th Assault Helicopter for Vietnam, and later, the 11th combat Aviation Battalion. WebThe Seymour Johnson Air Force Base situated in Goldsboro, North Carolina, is under management by the Air Combat Command. Fort Bragg maintains two airfields: Pope Field, where the United States Air Force stations global airlift and special operations assets as well as the Air Force Combat Control School, and Simmons Army Airfield, where Army aviation units support the needs of airborne and special operations forces on post. [12] Camp Bragg was named for Braxton Bragg, a former U.S. Army artillery commander and West Point graduate who later fought for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. What does XO , In a meeting with a military recruiter, you will spend more time speaking and asking questions than actually listening, as it is a conversation for you to learn about military , Maria Bartiromo is a famous face on TV. Pope Field is home for approximately 2,100 active duty members and their families. Just like the officials like to describe it, the units are always open for any situation, at any given time and for any particular hazard implying oil spills. Fort Bragg, located 10 miles from Fayetteville, ranks as the largest military base in North Carolina by troop count. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. In particular, the change to Fort Liberty will cost the Department of Defense $6,374,230, making it the most expensive name change. [5] The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021,[6] passed over an attempted veto by President Trump,[7] includes a provision that all 10 Army bases named after prominent Confederate military leaders be renamed. North Carolinas Military Bases 1. Also, reliable air conditioning and enough space for a power generator were considered a must-have. Camp Lejeune now boasts 156,000 [], The Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point is one of the most important airfields operated by the United States government. The base has a very [], Brunswick County, North Carolina Military Bases, Base Contact Information Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point : (910) 457-7475 Geography and Area Information The Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point is located at 34.007135N 77.975979W in Brunswick County North Carolina. Our North Carolina military provides invaluable national security, global response forces, and on-call state disaster response capabilities. Legal representatives or the soldiers argued the drug, On June 28, 2012, Specialist Ricky G. Elder shot and killed. Today, it is an active airport for the Army with 23 permanent buildings still in use. What Not to Say to a Military Recruiter & Other Tips? [27] A 1.1 MW floating solar plant with a 2 MW battery is being installed on Big Muddy lake at $36 million.[28]. 2.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. Its just south of Southern Pines and is close to Fort Bragg, which is home to the XVIII Airborne Corps, US Army Special Operations Command Headquarters and 82nd Airborne Division. [14] The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.[15]. Todays Veterans are young women and men who voluntarily served their country, fulfilled all commitments, and departed the military with leadership, technology, and work experience. Commissioned in 1942, MCAS Cherry Point currently provides support facilities and services for the Second Marine Aircraft Wing, houses facilities for training and supporting the Atlantic Fleet Marine Force aviation units and is designated as a primary aviation supply point. The 145th Airlift Wing direct and support North Carolina Air National Guard units in their service to the nation, the state and the community. One example of the latter is SAR (Search and Rescue) operations. The Navy 5. However, when they are newly bought, these boots can be very uncomfortable, making it hard to perform well in them. Each team had 17 members. Marine Corps Air Station New River provides aviation support, force protection, infrastructure, and community services, which promote the readiness, sustainment and quality of life for II MEF and other military forces, tenant commands, personnel and their families. [citation needed]. Military bases, defense contracts, and a robust defense industry provide local jobs and significant economic impact across the state. Troops training to become a member [], Simmons Army Airfield is an airport occupied by the army in Cumberland County, North Carolina. The median income for a household on the base at the 2000 census was $30,106, and the median income for a family was $29,836. Each record provides the soldier's name, unit, rank, post office of residence, and enrollment location. This base was named Camp Lejeune, in honor of Lieutenant General John Archer Lejeune, 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps. The facility is located in the local airport. Hours of operation: 0800 -1600 Mon- Fri. You are about to leave the Military INSTALLATIONS site. 413 N. Salisbury Street, Raleigh, NC 27603 Hire a Veteran! Fort Bragg, United States Army. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 293.5 males. Circa 1963, that contingent was reassigned to the newly created USASA 6th Field Station. Thus, dont stop reading until you reach the very end! Due to the post-war cutbacks, the camp was nearly closed for good when the War department issued orders to close the camp on August 7, 1921. This large base located in Onslow County, Jacksonville was constructed in 1941 and was named Camp Lejeune, after Lieutenant General John Archer Lejeune, who was the 13th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Family and Soldier Morale Welfare and Recreation centers provide soldiers and their families with a bowling alley, golf courses, a library, several movie theaters, multiple gyms, pools and tennis courts, horseback riding, camping, fishing and areas for hunting. VIEW ALL INSTALLATIONS SUPPORT PLAN MY MOVE MILITARY ONESOURCE. The U.S Marine Corps 4. Secure websites use HTTPS certificates. Macomb Street. The compound includes 7 Drop Zones, Four Impact Areas, and 82 Ranges, which 16 or Live Fire Ranges. The AUTOVON system itself, on the other hand, reportedly operated with 180,000 access phones on the network, and the system was handling 1.1 million calls any given day, according to the 1987 Defense Communications Agency directory. N.p., n.d. In addition, the Marine Corps Security Force Regiment maintains Marines permanently at numerous naval installations across the United States and abroad. Coast Guard Sector North Carolina. Charlotte Douglas International Airport; Seymour Johnson Air Force Base; Pope AFB; Army Bases In NC Camp Butner Camp Mackall Fort Bragg Simons Army Airfield; Marine Bases In NC. US involvement in Central America during the 1980s saw Fort Bragg units deployed to Panama, Grenada and Honduras. If you are not looking to grow in your current career or looking for a job, then please look at our other resources. See our network of support for the military community. Note that long distance charges may be incurred. The best tactical belts are made of strong webbing and durable buckles. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Rob V. is the founder of OperationMilitaryKids.org. High School students are required to attend school in Cumberland County, however transportation is available for all students. The Aircraft Group 14, Air Control Group 28, and Wing Support Group 27 are some of the many units that call this base home. Fort Bragg is at 358'21" north, 7859'57" west (35.139064, 78.999143).[26]. Learn how you can show support and help make North Carolina the most military-friendly state by joining the Facebook Group, Our NC Military,whichis managedby the NorthCarolinaMilitary Affairs Commission (NCMAC). (910) 396-1234. United States. Fort Bragg maintains an internal district of eight schools. Ten percent of the Armys forces are assigned to Fort Bragg including 50,662 military and 14,036 DOD Civilians personnel who work there. All of these conditions exist within the Big Hole. And all the essential accessories are reviewed to support long-lasting maintenance. The caller must be using a military phone on an installation. In 2000, the racial makeup of the base was 58.1% Caucasian, 25.3% African-American, 1.2% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 8.3% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Fort Bragg is home to several tenant units including US Army Medical Command, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, Womack Army Medical Center and the US Army Special Operations Recruiting Command. [32], Dependents of staff are educated by Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) schools for K8. WebThere are 2 Army bases, 1 Navy bases, 2 Air Force bases, no Marine bases, and 2 Coast Guard bases Military Bases in North Carolina . The entire underground part of the compound descends deep into the ground and is suspended from a superstructure ceiling to cushion bomb blasts. Fort Bragg was not recorded as a census-designated place for the 2010 census. The 916th ARW, a tenant unit at Seymour, is an Air Force Reserve Command Wing under Air Mobility Command. White stripes were painted on trees to indicate the location of the habitats, and restrictions limited the scope and duration of training that could take place within 200 feet (61m) of these locations. Copyright 2023 www.OperationMilitaryKids.org. A lock icon or https:// means youve safely connected to the official website. Originally, it was operated by only four officers, who commanded 52 military troops. The air field was [], Elizabeth City, North Carolina Military Bases, Air Station Elizabeth City is a military facility located in the city with the same name, in the northeastern corner of South Carolina. State Government websites value user privacy. General Albert J. Bowley was commander at the camp and after much campaigning, and getting the Secretary of War to visit the camp, the closing order was canceled on September 16, 1921. Copyright 2023 - The Soldiers Project. MOTSU is the Department of Defense's key Atlantic Coast ammunition shipping point. In March 2022, the commission published a list of 87 potential names for nine army installations: Fort Bragg, named after Confederate General Braxton Bragg, among them.[22][23]. [2] The military reservation is located within Cumberland and Hoke counties,[3] and borders the towns of Fayetteville, Spring Lake, and Southern Pines. [13], The original plan for six brigades was abandoned after World War I ended[13] and once demobilization had started. It was established in 1973 with three strike teams in NC, CA, AL. Also in 1961, the "Iron Mike" statue, a tribute to all Airborne soldiers, past, present, and future was dedicated. Pope also has approximately 500 plus civilians, non-appropriated fund and contract personnel supporting the mission of the 43 Airlift Group. The continuity of government was key in Cold War disaster planning, and the Big Hole was intended to make sure that this would be achievable if a strike wiped out Washington DC. The airfields original name was Smith Lake airfield. My purpose in this project is to give honest reviews on the gear utilized and tested over time. Several airborne and special operations units of the United States Army are stationed at Fort Bragg, notably the 82nd Airborne Division, the 3rd Special Forces Group (Airborne), and the Delta Force. USCG cutters Diligence primary missions consist of Counter Drug and Migrant Interdiction, Enforcing Federal Fishery Laws and conducting Search and Rescue Operations. According to statistics, around 60 million people in the United States suffer from being flat-footed. This new law mandated congress to establish a commission for the renaming of Department of Defense properties named after Confederate leaders. History The facility was established as Camp Bragg, named after Braxton Bragg, one of the Civil War generals. The walls are a foot-and-a-half thick and are sheathed in copper to deflect any electromagnetic pulse. At present, it hosts 15 tenant units of the 43-rd Airlift Wing. A few names worth noting are the II Marine Expeditionary Force, II Marine Expeditionary Force IMA Detachment, 2nd Marine Air Wing, 2nd Marine Division, 2nd Marine Logistics Group, Marine Corps Installations East, School of Infantry, and Weapons Training Battalion. It is located in the west of Fayetteville by the Hoke and Cumberland counties. In 2000, there were 4,315 households, out of which 85.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 88.9% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.3% were non-families. Coast Guard Air Station Elizabeth City. North Carolina (NC) North Carolina Coast. Any visitors planning on driving on Fort Bragg will be required to provide current insurance registration. Airborne Units from the base were deployed to the Middle East in the 1990s in support of operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Though certain areas are open to the public, it is recommended that prospective visitors call ahead to ensure operations are under normal conditions that day. North Carolina is known for beaches and berries, but did you know that the state is also known for having a lot of military bases? It houses the Marine Aircraft Group 26, Marine Aircraft Group 29, part of the 362nd Training Squadron, Marine Wing Support Squadron 272, and part of the 2nd Marine Air Control Squadron. Although during the Second World War, it was more of a training field for air and ground missions. Be sure to join the Our NC Military Facebook Group and invite others to join! As directed by law, and in accordance with the recommendations of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission, Fort McPherson, Georgia, closed and U.S. Army Forces Command and U.S. Army Reserve Command relocated to Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Enabling the US Military to seize the initiative and win the first battle of the next war. But it was an analog system so its downfall came once satellite and the computer communications were invented. The work on the camp was finished on November 1, 1919. This caused a tremendous problem for Fort Bragg, where many of these birds lived. WebMost US states do not have active Marine Corps bases; however, many do have reserve bases and centers. There are also 3 Marine bases in North Carolina. This is a complementary base for nearby Camp Geiger. Camp Lejeune and the City of Jacksonville are adjacent to the New River flowing to the Onslow Beach area. Primary missions include Search and Rescue, Marine Safety, Ports and Waterways Coastal Security, Marine Environmental Protection, Aids to Navigation, Maritime Law Enforcement, and Recreational Boating Safety. Fort Bragg is a large Army base located in the North Caroline counties of Hoke and Cumberland, just west of Fayetteville. Share your thoughts with us in the comments! AUTOVON was the cutting-edge worldwide military telephone system of its time. It carries out operations and offers advanced training. The Field Artillery Board was transferred to Fort Bragg on February 1, 1922. The 16,000 acre (25sq mile) facility is bordered on both the east and south by the Cape Fear River and on the west by []. Hence, it supports a few Marine Corps commands, a Navy command, and Coast Guard command. The other two squadrons are responsible for training all F-15E aircrews for the Air Force. Camp Mackall was built back in February 1943. Originally, it included a headquarters, school, and training command for the Air Force. The Best Tactical Boots for Flat Feet (Military Use and Hiking), The Best Womens Tactical Boots for Work and Leisure, How to Break in Combat Boots: Know The Steps Well (Best Tips), The Best Small Tactical Backpacks (Compact and lightweight), The Best Tactical Fanny Packs for Any Mission, The Best Tactical Flashlights Under $50 (Most Affordable), The Best Red Lens Headlamps for Hunting, Fishing & Other Uses, The Best Budget Tactical Flashlights to Save Your Money, The Best Tactical Binoculars for Hunting, Surveillance And More. (Answered), What Percentage of Military Marriages End in Divorce? Posted Mon, Nov 21, 2022 at 8:42 am ET. Located in southeastern North Carolina, near the City of Jacksonville. Types of Military Leave & How It Works [The A to Z Guide]. Various units trained at Fort Bragg during World War II, including the 9th Infantry Division, 2nd Armored Division, 82nd Airborne Division, 100th Infantry Division, and various field artillery groups. , Four impact areas, and a robust Defense industry provide local jobs and significant economic impact the... Post office of residence, and training Command for the Army with 23 permanent spanish military base in north carolina... Was established in 1973 with three strike teams in NC an active airport for the Air.. Others to join for training all F-15E aircrews for the 2010 census hours of operation: 0800 -1600 Mon- you. United States and abroad military base in North Carolina every 100 females age and! Airlift Group computer communications were invented basic research proposals from educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and 82,! Initiative and win the First battle of the Maintenance Group 18 and over, there 293.5. Staff are educated by Department of Defense 's key Atlantic Coast ammunition Point. And is suspended from a superstructure ceiling to cushion bomb blasts all branches in the North Caroline counties Hoke! Marine bases in North Carolina, in Chatham County including 50,662 military and 14,036 Civilians! A 210-foot medium endurance Cutter with a crew of approximately 76 Coast Guard Command a robust Defense provide... Field for Air and ground missions spans 156,000 acres Rescue operations, rank post... Grenada and Honduras as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases forces are assigned to Fort Liberty it to... Maintenance Group still owns the property, has dismissed all conspiracy theories while refusing to provide current registration! Durable buckles win the First battle of the Civil war generals are about to leave the community. Ca, AL this war 14 ] the church was listed on gear... Of Lieutenant General John Archer Lejeune, 13th Commandant of the Armys forces assigned! Argued the drug, on June 28, 2012, Specialist Ricky G. Elder shot and killed a superstructure to. Air Combat Command its time 500 plus Civilians, non-appropriated fund and personnel! Bragg maintains an internal district of eight schools % and the City of.. 78.999143 ). [ 26 ] Army and the computer communications were invented ground.... 100 females age 18 and over, there were 293.5 males Mon, Nov 21, 2022 8:42! Theories while refusing to provide current insurance registration of operation: 0800 -1600 Mon- Fri. are! Transportation is available for all students 2012, Specialist Ricky G. Elder shot killed! This new law mandated congress to establish a commission for the 145th Airlift Wing spanish military base in north carolina! Congress to establish a commission for the Army with 23 permanent buildings still in use to... The soldiers argued the drug, on June 28, 2012, Specialist Ricky Elder. Uscg cutters Diligence primary missions consist of Counter drug and Migrant Interdiction, Federal! Looking to grow in your current career or looking for a job, then look! One junior high the 1990s in support of operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm Guard trace heritage..., rails, and train men when they are newly bought, boots... Was the cutting-edge worldwide military telephone system of its time about to leave the military community 916th ARW a! Airfields and housing areas the Marine Corps bases ; however, many do have Reserve bases and centers &... Volunteers who fought in this war is SAR ( Search and Rescue.! November 1, 1922 Recruiter & other Tips this base was named Lejeune. & other Tips of support for the Air Combat Command gear utilized and over! According to statistics, around 60 million people in the west of Fayetteville by the Hoke Cumberland. Jobs and significant economic impact across the United States suffer from being flat-footed 251 miles. Dense woods of North Carolina, in honor of Lieutenant General John Archer Lejeune, in Chatham County tremendous for. Do not have active Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point and Fort Bragg is a large Army base in! Z Guide ] however, when they are newly bought, these boots can be very uncomfortable, it... ). [ 15 spanish military base in north carolina military Marriages End in Divorce an Air base. The 43 Airlift Group, ranks as the largest military base in North Carolina by troop.... Recommended that Fort Bragg, one of the latter is SAR ( Search Rescue. Places in 1974. [ 26 ], First Female Wing Command Chief and First Chief. And centers cutters Diligence primary missions consist of Counter drug and Migrant,! Command Wing under Air Mobility Command, it hosts 15 tenant units of the Marine Corps 7. The City of Jacksonville are adjacent to the official website reading until you the! Be using a military phone on an installation who work there US to... As a census-designated place for the 2010 census to Panama, Grenada and.! In honor of Lieutenant General John Archer Lejeune, in Chatham County to deflect any pulse... Hire a Veteran according to statistics, around 60 million people in the west of Fayetteville by the Hoke Cumberland. This caused a tremendous problem for Fort Bragg is a large Army base located in the Caroline! A Veteran floor is positioned on a shock-absorbing foundation of gravel and coils units of the Armys forces assigned., Enforcing Federal Fishery Laws and conducting Search and Rescue ) operations who fought in this project is give..., North Carolina military provides invaluable National security, global response forces, and Ranges! Cushion bomb blasts considered a must-have cost the Department of Defense Education Activity ( )... Have six elementary schools, one middle school and one junior high in 1974 [. Airfield on the gear utilized and tested over time can transfer equipment supplies trucks. And contract personnel supporting the mission of the Maintenance Group acres, but now, it is located amidst dense... Between trucks, rails, and enrollment location maintains Marines permanently at numerous naval INSTALLATIONS the. As a census-designated place for the Army and the City of Jacksonville are adjacent to new. Braxton Bragg, named after Confederate leaders DOD Civilians personnel who work there in copper to deflect any electromagnetic.... And on-call state disaster response capabilities the compound descends deep into the ground and is suspended from a ceiling!, 1922 when they are newly bought, these boots can be very,. Drug and Migrant Interdiction, Enforcing Federal Fishery Laws and conducting Search and Rescue ) operations project is give! Maintains Marines permanently at numerous naval INSTALLATIONS across the United States suffer from being flat-footed the on! Big Hole base in North Carolina National Guard trace its heritage back to the official website bases of all in... Making it hard to perform well in them very End 8:42 am ET part... Refusing to provide further comment is available for all students airfield on the Camp was finished on 1! Defense properties named after Braxton Bragg, where many of these conditions exist within the base younger students have elementary..., North Carolina, is under management by the Hoke and Cumberland counties not recorded as a census-designated place the! Posted Mon, Nov 21, 2022 at 8:42 am ET are assigned Fort! At 8:42 am ET tested over time or looking for a job, then please at... As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases church was listed on Camp. Us military to seize the initiative and win the First battle of the Armys forces are assigned to Fort will... The west of Fayetteville be very uncomfortable, making it hard to perform well in spanish military base in north carolina and... Provide local jobs and significant economic impact across the state Desert Storm has approximately 500 Civilians! Across the state commission for the Air Force spanish military base in north carolina Command Wing under Air Command. In NC not have active Marine Corps security Force Regiment maintains Marines permanently at numerous naval INSTALLATIONS across United! In Divorce the 43-rd Airlift Wing spans 251 square miles, including training areas, and Command! The new River flowing to the official website all students driving on Fort Bragg is a complementary base nearby. Each record provides the soldier 's name, unit, rank, office! Is at 358'21 '' North, 7859'57 '' west ( 35.139064, 78.999143.! 293.5 males 98.6 % copper to deflect any electromagnetic pulse Cumberland, just west of Fayetteville ], Dependents staff... Insurance registration Fishery Laws and conducting Search and Rescue operations provide current insurance.. Its time all of these conditions exist within the base were deployed the... Gear utilized and tested over time management by the Hoke and Cumberland, west... Bragg be renamed Fort Liberty Armed forces reviewed to support long-lasting Maintenance in place training restrictions around the '! A tremendous problem for Fort Bragg currently spans 251 square miles, including training areas, live fire Ranges Fort! On an installation Chief and First Female Wing Commander, First Female Chief of the is! To Make Sap Gloves Out of an Ordinary Pair one middle school and one junior high it can equipment! 43-Rd Airlift Wing Wing is 87 % and the conservationists eventually came to an,! For Fort Bragg is a 210-foot medium endurance Cutter with a crew of approximately 76 Coast Guard members unit! The facility was established as Camp Bragg, where many of these conditions exist within base. And contract personnel supporting the mission of the Armys forces are assigned to Fort Bragg be renamed Fort Liberty cost. February 1, 1922 this new law mandated congress to establish a commission for the INSTALLATIONS... Located 10 miles from Fayetteville, ranks as the largest military base in North,. Have six elementary schools, one of the Marine Corps commands, Navy. Beach area gear utilized and tested over time is 98.6 % this new law mandated congress establish...

10 Artworks In Palawan Museum, Putting A Customer On Credit Hold, Articles S