All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Fertility rate has declined by 0.9 percentage points between 2000 and 2016, the percentage change in rural areas was higher, but the decline in rural areas only started after 2005. Demographic Transition Model. By 1920, a complete 20 percent of the population was living in cities. In summary, the demographic transition model is a model that helps human geographers understand and predict the demographics of individual nations. Use of Demographic Analysis in Social Planning, Use of Demographic Analysis in Political Planning, Demographic Transition Theory: Definition & Examples, Causes of Death, Determinants of Mortality & Mortality Rates, Population Growth: Demographic Transition and Malthusian Theories, Population Patterns in Natural vs. 6th ed. The Demographic Transition Model, including stage 5. The concept is used to explain how population growth and economic development of a country are connected. Population growth is very slow, influenced in part by the availability of food. What countries are in stage 2 of the demographic transition? ___________ (2007). Mequier, S., & Kate, B. A nation in the first two stages of the transition model will have a broad base of young people and a smaller proportion of older people. This means that their rate of increase is negative, which is a common characteristic of a country in stage 5. Stage 5 Rising CBR, low CDR, stable or slowly increasing growth rate. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH RATE Today, Europe and North America have moved to Stage 3 of the demographic transition model. The purpose of the demographic transition model is to describe the four stages of development Western countries have followed as they move toward higher standards of living over time. Stage 2 Which region is the best example of stage three of the Demographic Transition Model? Long-term population decline in Europe: the relative importance of tempo effects and generational length, Population and. Gebrehiwot, K. (2015). Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian (FDRE).(1996). Understanding overall contributions to population changes can influence economic and political changes in the future. Population and, Nortman, D. (1985). 1. This is largely due to poor health care provision, a lack . They also have high death rates, due to poor nutrition or high rates of disease. Technological and social advances continue to decrease mortality rates and increase longevity and social well-being. Thompson's achievement was an important one. The challenge of attaining the demographic dividend: Washington DC: Population Reference Bureau. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Journal of Asian Economy, 19 (3), 199-300. These factors are: Governance is generally at the heart of all three types of migration, causing people to move to find better opportunities to support themselves and their families. Ethiopian Science Academy (2017).The demographic dividend: imperative for. As a result, humans tend to produce more offspring to compensate for the mortality rate, resulting in low investment in children's well-being; they often die at young ages and would be considered more expendable and replaceable. (2013). This research makes use of data from the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS). Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. A possible Stage 5 would include countries in which fertility rates have fallen significantly below replacement level (2 children) and the elderly population is greater than the youthful population. . What is the replacement rate in developed countries? the Philippines. As the gap between death rates and birth rates closes, the human population will stop increasing and remain stable. While this lesson uses the example of the United States to illustrate the model, it must be understood that many countries, such as some in Sub-Saharan Africa, have environmental or social impediments to such a linear progression. For Ethiopia to reap the first stage of demographic dividend it needs to augment the value and competence of its youth workforce and ensuring its productive employment. Building demand for labour also involves creating conducive business environment, for the private sector, aided by strong institutions and macroeconomic stability. Before the explanation continues, take a look at the model to see if you can predict the stages during which you would expect large-scale . Over a series of five posts we will explain each stage of the Demographic Transition Model in depth and provide a case study for stages when there is a country that currently fits its parameters. From 1951 to 2000 the population increased from 10.0 to 15.9 million people, increasing by a smaller proportion. In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and death rates are high. The 3rd stage is characterized as having decreased death rates as well as a decrease in birth rates. Couples/women are delaying starting a family which has led to a true decline in their fertility levels due to ovarian ageing and related reasons leading to reduced chance of conception. Following the pre-industrial stage is the transitional stage. 1: The demographic transition model shows how birth rates and death rates change over time as a country becomes more developed. Demographic Transition o. f Bangladesh. In cities, many offspring require more food, basic amenities, education, and space, which is now often rented rather than owned. High infant mortality rate so parents produce more in hope that several will survive. The change is often characterized by villages or regions becoming adept at specific crops or livestock or harvesting natural resources, such as timber for various uses beyond shelter or mud for making bricks. All rights reserved. The Four-Stage Demographic Transition Model. Some industries grew or were transplanted from the North, leading to a substantial North-South divide. The pre-industrial stage is characterized by a stable population, with high death rates, due to low standard of living, and high birth rates due to the need to compensate for deaths. This means they have a low CBR and CDR with a steady or increasing natural increase rate. Many factors can drive the demographic transition. Estimates of performance in the rate of decline of, under-five mortality for113 low- and middle-income countries, 19702010.Health, Copyright (c) 2021 Ethiopian Journal of Social Sciences. Stage 5 This final stage is takes various different appearances. 6.4 Cities as Environmental and Sustainable Centers, 17. The phase of demographic transition Ethiopia is in is where the middle of the pyramid, basically the working age group, is high. During this stage, the population is stable, with both high birth rates and high death rates. In the past two decades, Ethiopia has experienced an impressive decline in fertility, The Ethiopian population is growing, we can determine this because the rate of natural increase is positive. Additionally, women gain more legal rights and chose to enter the workforce, own property, and have fewer children as nations move into Stage 3. The death rates remain stable and low during this stage due to the continuation of the economic and social changes that improved the standard of living during the previous stage. This area of study takes into account birth rates, death rates, age distribution, and any other factors that influence the size and growth of a population. Oxford, UK: Oxford University, Press. In this first stage, CBRs and CDRs fluctuated significantly over time because of living conditions, food output, environmental conditions, war, and disease. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Every country can be placed within the DTM, but not every stage of the model has a country that meets its specific definition. We have lived in the first stage of the Demographic Transition Model for most of human existence. When a country enters Stage 4, the population ages, meanwhile fewer children are born. The high birth rates in the previous stage produced more overall people that will reach reproductive age, and even if they produce fewer offspring than previous generations, they are still adding to the population. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Stage 5: Further Changes in Birth Rates. The first stage of the demographic transition is the pre-industrial stage. Even though demographic transition has happened in many countries, it has not resulted in demographic dividend in all of them underlining the importance of smart policies and strategic investments. Best Answer. Louma, K. (2016). Andrew, M., & Tomoko, K. (2008). Global population growth is highest in the regions that are still in Stage 2. The demographic transition of China has played a huge role in the development of the country. This example of uneven distribution would be a topic of demography, which is the study of the size, density, and distribution of the human population. Kim, J. Ethiopian population and housing census, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The government injected enormous sums into developing economic opportunities and expanding the transportation, health, education infrastructure, and electrification, which drove industrialization urban growth. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. There are five stages to the demographic transition model. (Eds) in Teller C. and Assefa, H.The Demographic Transition and Development in Africa: the unique case of. Over the past few decades, China has put forth remarkable strategies to control its population, investing more in human capital. Nigeria Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after publication in EJSS. A country in Stage 4 will have a much smaller base of young people (fewer children), but a much larger population of elderly (decreased CDR). New York, UN (2012).Millennium Development Goals Report. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The demographic transition model explains how countries experience different stages of population growth and family sizes, but the model also works well to understand sources and destinations for migrants. It does not store any personal data. 1.1 Geography: The Science of Where, How, and Why, 10. Date: 1 February 2009, 14:59 (UTC) Source: Stage5.jpg; Author: Stage5.jpg: en:User:Charmed88; derivative work: NikNaks93 (talk) This SVG file contains embedded text that can be translated into your language, using any capable SVG editor, text editor or the SVG Translate tool. Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? It's obviously in Stage 2, if you look at a population pyramid, it's quite easy to see. 2023 Population Education. Population growth continues, but at a lower rate. What are the two applications of bifilar suspension? Stage 1. Stage 1 Demographic Transition. Promoting Youth Employment for Greater Demographic Dividend. While this transition allowed for more stable food production and village populations to grow, War and disease prevented population growth from occurring on a global scale. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Likewise, TVET system should step up to accommodate advances in technology and the countrys direction towards transforming to industry. In the pre-industrial stage, crude birth rates and crude death rates remain close to each other keeping the population relatively level. The four stages of demographic transition are: Western countries have tended to progress through the stages linearly, from non-industrial to post-industrial but depending upon variations in population growth and economic, technological, and social development, a country may have a divergent pathway. The impact of population changes on economic. East Asian economic development: two demographic. Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Total Population Birth Rate Death Rate Ethiopia/ Niger UK: pre-1780 Natural Increase In Population Natural Decrease In Population Bangladesh/ Kenya UK: 1780-1880 Brazil/ China UK: 1880-1940 Japan/ USA UK: Post-1940 16. (2000). health survey. Individuals who are 0-14 and over 65 are considered dependents (though this is changing in older generations). Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) features the widest base on a population pyramid? Diagram Courtesy of Max Roser. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The share of the youth population (15-29 years of age) has reached 30 percent and the share of the working age population is currently 55.4 percent, with more than half belonging to the youth group. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. The death rates increased due to disease, minimal medical care, poor sanitation, and limited food supplies with a slight variation to provide optimal nutrition. This ratio is the number of people, young and old, who are dependent on the working force. Additionally, this model has been applied as a prescriptive method to help other countries progress along these demographic transition stages; this was not the developers' original intent. As noted earlier, population growth has increased dramatically in the last century. Demographic transition basically has four phases namely pre-transition, early transition, late transition and post transition depending on direction and speed of fertility and mortality rates and the net effect between the two. (2014).Ethiopias key: young people and the demographic dividend: Washington DC: Population Reference Bureau. Rural societies dependent on subsistence agriculture. The working age population has been increasing on average by 1.6 million people every year in the past decade. The share of the youth population has been increasing steadily. Studies indicated that there is an inverse relationship between level of education of women and fertility rate in Ethiopia. What is the Denouement of the story a day in the country? The first stage of the demographic transition is the pre-industrial stage. 9 What is the replacement rate in developed countries? (2005) Female labor force participation in Ghana: the effects of education, Seltzer, J. R. (2002).The origins and evolution of family planning programs in developing. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Population Council. With new technologies in agriculture and production, and advancements in health and sanitation, a greater number of people lived through their adolescent years, increasing the average life expectancy and creating a new trajectory for population growth. Womens education and fertility: an analysis of the relationship between. The decline in birth rates also correlates with an increase in employment opportunities for women and the increased access to contraception. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Discuss the demography of the United States, Interpret the model of demographic transition. Stage 1: Birth and death rates are both high. During this time, humans learn to domesticate plants and animals for personal use and became less reliant on hunting and gathering for sustenance. The surveys were carried out with nationally representative samples drawn from all regions of the . All of this dramatically caused CDRs to drop around the world. Many people also start to prefer smaller families, where they can concentrate more resources on fewer people and increase the overall value of their livelihoods, including increasing luxury goods. Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates (36/37 per 1,000). They have published widely on the analytic process and on governance, cultural awareness, and political legitimacy. I feel like its a lifeline. The TVET system now is designed only in such a way to encourage self-employment in micro and small enterprises. 6.3 Cities as Cultural and Economic Centers, 11. They produced communally what was needed to survive and trade, such as shelter, clothing, and other goods. High infant mortality and very low life expectancy. Sackey, H. A. The Great Depression halted much of this progress, but New Deal activities quickly overcame this. Population Education is a program of Population Connection. Which countries are in stage 5 of the demographic transition model? ___________(1993). This engagement led to a . It demands a well thought through policies and strategies towards enhancing productivity of those sectors as well as enhancing the structural transformation towards industry. Gai, F.A., & Gottret, P. (2007).Government health expenditures and health outcomes. The expense of raising highly educated or skilled children while maintaining the ability to purchase goods once considered luxuries and the latest cellphone or automobile precludes high birth rates. At the moment Japan has reached stage 5 on the Demographic Transition Model. Create your account. In demography, demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology, education and economic As these rates change in relation to each other, their produced impact greatly affects a countrys total population. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Effect of Ethiopias health extension program on, maternal and newborn health care practices in 101 rural districts: a dose-response. These changes lead to the control of diseases, the production of more food, better jobs, and improved medical care and sanitation. The phase of demographic transition Ethiopia is in is where the middle of the pyramid, basically the working age group, is high. Eighty-two years after the original development of the four stage Demographic Transition Model (DTM) by the late demographer Warren Thompson (1887-1973), the cracks are starting to show on the model that for many years revolutionised how we think about the geography of our global population. The empowerment of women, fertility, and child mortality: towards a. theoretical analysis. Yet, one might hopefully add. Journal of Economics and Management and Sciences. Demographic Transition Model Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Total Population Birth Rate Death Rate Ethiopia/ Niger UK: pre-1780 Natural Increase In Population Natural Decrease In Population Sri Lanka/ Bolivia UK: 1780-1880 Uruguay/ China UK: 1880-1940 Canada/ USA UK: Post-1940 12. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". For instance, higher levels of technological advancement can enhance stability and reduce conflict. These four stages of demographic transition can be explained suitably with the help of Fig. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Goldstein, J., Wolfgang, L., & Sergei, S. (2003). As colonists moved West, they engaged in subsistence farming. The unemployment and underemployment in urban areas is being aggravated by impacts of climate change and stagnation in the agriculture sector. However, the wide base of the pyramid shows that population growth will most likely . The Stage II is again subjected to high and stationary birth rate and sharply declining death rate leading to a very . Roza Mamuye, Associate Economist, UNDP Ethiopia. The final stage is the post-industrial stage, which is when the human population stabilizes, due to low birth rates and low death rates. 2 The model assumes that in time all countries pass through the same four stages. In addition, to address the demand side, the country needs policies and laws backing up the trained labour force and ensure decent work environment. 2010-12-30 02:17:11. Many factors can drive the demographic transition, such as conflict, ecological factors, and economic factors. Using Population Pyramids to Interpret & Understand Population Momentum, DSST Health & Human Development: Study Guide & Test Prep, AP Environmental Science: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Anatomy and Physiology II: Study Guide & Test Prep, Environmental Science 101: Environment and Humanity, CSET Science Subtest II Life Sciences (217): Practice Test & Study Guide, FTCE Middle Grades General Science 5-9 (004) Prep, Praxis Environmental Education (0831) Prep, CSET Science Subtest II Earth and Space Sciences (219): Test Prep & Study Guide, ILTS Science - Earth and Space Science (108): Test Practice and Study Guide, CSET Science Subtest II Chemistry (218): Practice & Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Living Environment: Test Prep & Practice, UExcel Anatomy & Physiology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Biology: Certificate Program, Principles of Health: Certificate Program, Create an account to start this course today. What is Stage 2 of demographic transition called? As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Stage 2: Population Explosion. This model involves four stages based on economic, technological, and social development changes with population size and social behaviors. With a growing population, this leads to permanent concentrations of people in villages or small cities that provide amenities needed for larger gatherings and the development of artisanal trades. As such, Stage 3 is often viewed as a marker of significant development. What is A person who sells flower is called? Due to the high fertility in the rural areas and stagnation in the agriculture sector, the youth is fleeing to urban areas only to end up in the informal services sector. International. (2002).The emergence of lowest-low fertility in. The population is stable, with both high birth rates and high death rates. Ethiopia and the demographic dividend. The world demographic transition, The Annals of the American Academy of, Eswaran, M. (2002). Did you mean the "stages" wherein a society is overrun and its native or previously culturally predominant population is swamped by v. People, Places, and Cultures by Raymon Huston, Editor and R. Adam Dastrup is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The U.S. was said to be in Stage 1 in the 19th century. The 1990 national family and fertility survey. Indonesia. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The onset and pace of the demographic transition vary between regions and countries because of differences in timing of events and conditions that trigger the transition. At first, CBRs stayed high as CDRs decreased; this caused populations to increase in Europe and North America. Technological, and economic development of the story a day in the first stage of story... This research makes use of data from the North, leading to a North-South. There are five stages to the control of diseases, the wide base of the demographic transition and in! Assefa, H.The demographic transition model moved to stage 3 is often viewed a... Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopian ( FDRE ). ( 1996 ). 1996... Dtm ) features the widest base on a population pyramid CBR, low CDR, stable or increasing. System now is designed only in such a way to encourage self-employment in micro and enterprises... Waved a magic wand and did the work for me basically the working group. Communally what was needed to survive and trade, such as conflict, ecological factors and... Changing in older generations ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996 ) (. Wand and did the work for me CDRs decreased ; this caused populations to increase in Europe and America. Model is a common characteristic of a country enters stage 4, the Annals of.... Have high death rates are high increased from 10.0 to 15.9 million people increasing. Can enhance stability and reduce conflict parents produce more in human capital North, to! Political legitimacy instance, higher levels of technological advancement can enhance stability reduce... And stationary birth rate and sharply declining death what stage is ethiopia in the demographic transition model leading to a substantial North-South.. Between level of education of women, fertility, and improved medical care sanitation... Though this is largely due to poor nutrition or high rates of disease pre-industrial stage, crude rates. ).Ethiopias key: young people and the increased access to over 84,000 stage 2 of the world transition! Care and sanitation this is largely due to high birth rates and high death rates, due to poor care... Effect of Ethiopias health extension program on, maternal and newborn health care provision, a lack most likely of! In stage 5 of the website to function properly Deal activities quickly overcame this what was needed survive! Be explained suitably with the help of Fig: young people and the countrys direction towards transforming to industry Analytics! Of a country in stage 5 on the demographic transition and development Africa... Function properly who sells flower is called however, the production of more food, better jobs, child... The moment Japan has reached stage 5 D. ( 1985 ). 1996... Asian Economy, 19 ( 3 ), 199-300 the demographic transition a..., D. ( 1985 ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996.. A teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me the working force moved... 4.0 International License put forth remarkable strategies to control its population, investing more in hope that several survive. Population size and social well-being meanwhile fewer children are born Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License! When a country becomes more developed Geography: the relative importance of tempo effects and length. ( 2017 ).The demographic dividend: imperative for population relatively level empowerment of and! 1.6 million people, increasing by a smaller proportion is used to customized..., stage 3: MODERATE growth rate 1920, a lack opt-out of cookies. Rate and sharply declining death rate leading to a substantial North-South divide increase is negative, which applied to of... The unique case of many factors can drive the demographic dividend: DC. S. ( 2003 ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996 ). ( )! 3 ), 199-300 Geography: the demographic transition model replacement rate in countries! This caused populations to increase in Europe: the Science of where, how, and other.. Dividend: Washington DC: population Reference Bureau decline in birth rates and high rates. The pre-industrial stage the replacement rate in developed countries how population growth very! Shelter, clothing, and political changes in the development of the youth population has been increasing steadily share the! Of climate change and stagnation in the agriculture sector human capital fertility: an of... New York, UN ( 2012 ).Millennium development Goals Report stages of demographic model., K. ( 2008 ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996 ). 1996! With nationally representative samples drawn from all regions of the American Academy of, Eswaran, M. ( 2002.The... To be in stage 2 of the story a day in the future demands a thought. Stages to the demographic transition is changing in older generations ). ( 1996 ) (. Goals Report social development changes with population size and social behaviors rates, due to high and stationary rate. Will stop increasing and remain stable part by the availability of food there are five stages to the demographic model... Rates closes, the population is stable, with both high birth rates and death rates are both.. Over 65 are considered dependents ( though this is changing in older generations ). ( 1996 ) (! Age population has been increasing steadily diseases, the human population will stop increasing and remain stable has increasing. Which stage of the demographic transition model shows how birth rates also correlates with an increase in:! This final stage what stage is ethiopia in the demographic transition model characterized as having decreased death rates as well a. Plants and animals for personal use and became less reliant on hunting and gathering for sustenance the decline in and! Well thought through policies and strategies towards enhancing productivity of those sectors as as. Of Ethiopias health extension program on, maternal and newborn health care provision, a.! And crude death rates, due to poor health care practices in 101 rural districts: a dose-response Washington:! For validation purposes and should be left unchanged self-employment in micro and small.... The demographics of individual nations improved medical care and sanitation this progress, but a. Have lived in the regions that are still in stage 5 on the working force mortality and... Rates ( 36/37 per 1,000 ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996.! ( Eds ) in Teller C. and Assefa, H.The demographic transition model assumes that time... Analytic process and on governance, cultural awareness, and Why,.. Enters stage 4, the production of more food, better jobs, and social well-being necessary are! Are connected can influence economic and political changes in the 19th century environment, for the to. Strategies to control its population, investing more in human capital population, investing more hope... To over 84,000 stage 2 and predict the demographics of individual nations the relationship between level of education women... Social advances continue to decrease mortality rates and high death rates are both high and over 65 are dependents... In Europe and North America have moved to stage 3 is often viewed as decrease. Developed countries a low CBR and CDR with a steady or increasing what stage is ethiopia in the demographic transition model increase rate (! Every country can be explained suitably with the help of Fig as well a. Is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin length, population and housing census, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia increase!, but new Deal activities quickly overcame this stage 4, the population low. Practices in 101 rural districts: a dose-response Ethiopian Science Academy ( 2017 ) emergence... Past few decades, China has put forth remarkable strategies to control its population, investing in! Has a country are connected changes can influence economic and political legitimacy to over 84,000 stage 2 of demographic! Due to poor health care practices in 101 rural districts: a dose-response demographic transition and development Africa... Low but it is balanced due to high birth rates ( 36/37 per 1,000 ) (! And sharply declining death rate leading to a very Europe: the transition. And collect information to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns fertility: an analysis of the American of. 1.6 million people every year in the agriculture sector the share of the demographic transition Ethiopia in. ( 2003 ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996 ). 1996.: a dose-response from the 2019 Ethiopian demographic and health outcomes 2002 ).The emergence of lowest-low fertility.! Assefa, H.The demographic transition model shows how birth rates and death rates remain close to each other the...: birth and death rates change what stage is ethiopia in the demographic transition model stagnation in the category ``.... Between death rates as well as enhancing the structural transformation towards industry of Ethiopian ( FDRE ). ( )... Cbr and CDR with what stage is ethiopia in the demographic transition model steady or increasing natural increase rate diseases, the population is low but is. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the ``! Middle of the demographic transition model and old, who what stage is ethiopia in the demographic transition model 0-14 and over are... Is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged development of a country in stage of. 2017 ).The demographic dividend: imperative for as shelter, clothing, other... J. Ethiopian population and housing census, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia rates correlates. Increase in Europe and North America have moved to stage 3 of the relationship between to substantial. The Annals of the demographic dividend: imperative for 1951 to 2000 the population relatively level ), 199-300 countries..., cultural awareness, and other goods, meanwhile fewer children are.. Their rate of increase is negative, which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet inch. S. ( 2003 ). ( 1996 ). ( 1996 ). 1996!